Neonatal Seizures

Neonatal seizures are a very real and dangerous reality for some newborns. These seizures can cause brain damage, long-term neurological issues, and even death. An understanding of neonatal seizures is essential to the health and safety of vulnerable newborns. Seizures in the neonatal period, defined as the first 28 days after birth, have a wide range of causes, from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to metabolic disorders. Both parents and medical personnel need to be aware of these risks and how to respond accordingly.

What are neonatal seizures?

Neonatal seizures are a type of seizure disorder that occurs in newborn babies. They are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the baby's brain and can involve either muscle jerking or rigidity. Symptoms may include twitching, staring, rapid eye movements, and breathing changes. In more severe cases, the baby may lose consciousness and turn blue. Treatment usually involves medication to control seizures and other supportive care. If left untreated, neonatal seizures can cause permanent brain damage or even death.

What are the different types of neonatal seizures?

There are various types of neonatal seizures, including focal seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and infantile spasms. Focal seizures involve just one area of the body, while tonic-clonic seizures cause sudden jerking movements of the arms and legs. Myoclonic seizures involve brief muscle contractions or jerks in one or more areas of the body. Infantile spasms involve a series of short muscle contractions that happen in clusters.

What causes neonatal seizures?

Neonatal seizures are caused by several factors, including genetic disorders, brain injury or infection, drug withdrawal, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), electrolyte imbalance, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Seizures can also be triggered by certain medications or hormones given during labor. Some babies are born with conditions that make them more susceptible to seizures; these include birth defects, strokes, and premature birth.

What are the symptoms of neonatal seizures?

Neonatal seizures are characterized by sudden movements, such as jerking or twitching of the arms and legs, facial grimaces, and staring spells. Breathing may become irregular and abnormally fast. Other symptoms include changes in the colour of the skin, agitation, unresponsiveness, and loss of muscle control. It is also possible for babies to experience autonomic features such as apnea (brief cessation of breathing) and pallor or cyanosis (bluish skin). Seizure-like episodes can also manifest as weak sucking or other feeding problems.

When should one see a doctor for neonatal seizures?

It is important to seek medical help immediately if a newborn baby experiences more than one seizure or if any seizures last longer than a few minutes. A doctor should also be consulted if an infant’s body stiffens, jerks, or twitches, or if the baby's breathing becomes irregular. Additionally, parents should contact a doctor if the baby’s eyes roll back in their head and stay there for some time. It is also important to note that even brief episodes of twitching or jerking may indicate neonatal seizures, and as such, it is best to consult a doctor for further evaluation.

What are the risk factors for neonatal seizures?

Neonatal seizures are caused by a variety of conditions, but the main risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), intracranial haemorrhage, infection, and metabolic disturbances. Other risks can arise from maternal substance abuse, genetic disorders, and congenital malformations. In addition, certain medications used in labor and delivery may increase the risk of neonatal seizures.

How can one prevent neonatal seizures?

Neonatal seizures can be prevented by following the advice of a qualified doctor. It is important to receive regular antenatal care, including scans and tests, to identify any potential risks before birth. During labor, health professionals should be aware of any signs that may indicate a high risk of a neonatal seizure. After birth, ensure the baby is monitored regularly and any abnormalities or changes in behaviour are reported to a doctor immediately. Breastfeeding can also reduce the risk.

Conclusion

Neonatal seizures can have a variety of causes, but with careful monitoring and treatment, the prognosis is generally good. With the help of medical professionals, many babies can make a full recovery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to minimizing the long-term consequences of neonatal seizures. With proper care and attention, babies suffering from neonatal seizures can go on to lead healthy, normal lives. Parents and healthcare providers need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of neonatal seizures so that prompt action can be taken for the best possible outcome.

Request an appointment at Apollo Cradle, DELHI-NCR - Moti Nagar. Call 1860-500-1066 to book an appointment.