Pregnancy Gingivitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for Bloody Gums

Pregnancy causes numerous changes in a woman’s body, and oral health is no exception. Many expectant mothers notice that their gums become swollen, tender, or even bleed while brushing or flossing. This condition, known as pregnancy gingivitis, is common, affecting up to 60-75% of pregnant women at some point.

While usually mild, untreated gum issues can lead to discomfort and, in rare cases, more serious complications. Understanding what causes bleeding gums during pregnancy, recognising the signs early, and learning how to manage and treat the condition can help expectant mothers maintain both their oral health and overall well-being throughout pregnancy.

What Is Pregnancy Gingivitis?

Pregnancy gingivitis is a form of gum inflammation that may develop during pregnancy. It occurs when hormonal changes increase the gums’ sensitivity to plaque, the thin layer of bacteria and food particles that naturally forms on the teeth. This increased sensitivity can lead to irritation, causing the gums to become red, swollen, tender, and more likely to bleed during brushing or flossing.

Although common, pregnancy gingivitis is usually mild and can be reversed with proper oral care. If left untreated, however, it may progress to periodontitis, a more severe condition that damages the tissues and bones supporting the teeth.

Maintaining good oral hygiene, attending regular dental check-ups, and addressing symptoms immediately are essential for preventing and controlling bleeding gums during pregnancy.

What Causes Bloody Gums During Pregnancy?

Gingivitis in pregnant women is mainly linked to higher levels of oestrogen and progesterone. While these hormones are essential for supporting the baby’s growth, they also make the gums more sensitive to plaque and irritation, increasing the risk of inflammation and bleeding.

Several factors contribute to this condition:

• The body’s response to plaque bacteria is reduced, allowing inflammation to develop more easily.
• Blood flow to the gums increases, making the tissue softer and more prone to swelling and bleeding.
• Hormonal changes can increase the body’s inflammatory response, so even small amounts of plaque may cause redness and tenderness.
• Changes in daily habits, such as nausea, fatigue, or dietary cravings, can make it harder to maintain regular oral hygiene, leading to plaque buildup.

These combined effects help explain why many women experience bleeding or swollen gums during pregnancy.

READ: Dental care during pregnancy

What are the Symptoms of Gingivitis During Pregnancy?

The condition typically affects the gums, causing symptoms such as:

• Bleeding while brushing or flossing
• Redness or inflammation
• Swelling or puffiness
• Shiny surface
• Tenderness or sensitivity
• Receding tissue around the teeth
• Persistent bad breath that does not improve after brushing
• Small, soft lumps on the tissue in some cases (epulis gravidarum)
• Discomfort or pain while chewing

These symptoms often become more noticeable during the second trimester and may persist throughout pregnancy if left unaddressed.

What Are Pregnancy Gingivitis Complications?

If gingivitis is left untreated during pregnancy, it can progress to periodontitis. In this condition, inflammation causes the gums to recede from the teeth, creating pockets that can become infected and, over time, may result in tooth loss.

Periodontitis can affect more than just the teeth and gums. The infection can release bacteria and their byproducts into the bloodstream, which may reach the placenta and the developing baby. These substances can trigger inflammation both locally and in other parts of the body, including the fetal environment. This inflammatory response may increase the risk of preterm labour and could also affect the baby’s growth in the womb.

How to Treat Pregnancy Gingivitis

Dental care during pregnancy is essential for treating gingivitis. Here are some treatment methods your doctor may recommend:

• Brush and floss regularly using a soft-bristle toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste.
• Rinse with a mouthwash that is safe for use during pregnancy to help control plaque.
• Visit your dentist for professional cleaning to remove plaque and tartar at least once during pregnancy, or more often if advised.
• Deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) may be recommended in more severe cases to treat infection beneath the gumline.
• A dentist may also prescribe medications that are safe for use during pregnancy to reduce inflammation and infection.

Monitor any symptoms and contact your dentist immediately if bleeding, swelling, or discomfort worsens.

How to Prevent Bleeding Gums in Pregnancy

While you cannot prevent hormonal changes during pregnancy, there are steps you can take to lower the risk of pregnancy gingivitis. Effective measures include:

• Brush twice a day and floss daily to maintain good oral health during pregnancy.
• Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to support gum health.
• Rinse with a mouthwash that is safe during pregnancy to help control plaque.
• Schedule routine dental visits for examinations and professional cleaning.
• Avoid smoking and using tobacco products.
• Limit sugary foods that can encourage plaque buildup.
• Be consistent with oral hygiene routines even if nausea or vomiting occurs.

Conclusion

Dental problems during pregnancy, such as gingivitis, are common. While pregnancy gingivitis is usually manageable, it is important not to ignore the symptoms, as untreated gingivitis can progress to more serious gum issues. Maintaining daily brushing and flossing, eating a balanced diet, and visiting your dentist for regular cleanings can help keep the condition under control.

For more guidance on bleeding gums during pregnancy, consult your obstetrician and gynaecologist specialist.